Reports on different aspects of HDM.
An excellent thesis which shows how to integrate GHGs into optimising pavement maintenance programmes.
A dissertation presenting how EVs could be modelled with HDM-4. This shows the potential for major distortion of results as the capital costs are twice those with ICE vehicles.
The Roads Economic Decision Model (RED) was developed under the Road Management Initiative (RMI), a key component of the Africa Transport Policy Program (SSATP) aiming at improving the decision-making process for the development and maintenance of low-volume roads. The model performs an economic evaluation of road investments options using the consumer surplus approach and is customized to the characteristics of low-volume roads such as a) the high uncertainty of the assessment of the model inputs, particularly the traffic and condition of unpaved roads; b) the importance of vehicle speeds for model validation; c) the need for a comprehensive analysis of generated and induced traffic; and d) the need to clearly define all accrued benefits. RED computes benefit for normal, generated, induced, and diverted traffic, and takes into account changes in road length, condition on the dry and wet seasons, geometry, surface type, and accident rates. Users can add to the economic analysis other benefits or costs such as social benefits and environmental impacts, if computed separately. RED is setup on a series of Excel workbooks, which collect all user inputs and present the results on an efficient manner, performing sensitivity, switching values and risk analyses. The current version of RED (Version 4.0), released in April 2018, which is available only in English, adds optionally CO2 emissions benefits or costs to the cost benefit analysis. RED version 3.2 is available in English, French and Spanish. With the same input data, both Version 3.2 and 4.0 produce the same results.
The Road User Charges Model (RUC) estimates road user charges required to ensure that, for a particular country, the costs of operating and maintaining all roads are fully-funded, and that each vehicle class covers its variable costs. The model is an Excel workbook that: (i) estimates annualized maintenance costs needed to maintain a stable road network; (ii) defines countrywide annual recurrent expenditures, annual investments needs, and source of financing; (iii) estimates road user revenues from annual license fees, fuel levies, load damage fees, and tolls; (iv) analyzes the allocation of road user revenues and optimizes road user charges; and (v) computes externalities and summary macro indicators. Some of the functionality of the RUC model can be found on the RONET model.
The paper presents an optimal control theory-based procedure for finding the optimal timing and intensity of pavement maintenance treatments, which was adjusted based on the models for pavement deterioration and road user costs from the HDM-4 and RUCKS models. The model for improvement in pavement condition after a maintenance treatment was calibrated according to Paterson’s bilinear model. The closed-form solution is then compared to the solution obtained by using genetic algorithms (GAs). In both methodologies special attention was given to the quality of the “optimal” solution in terms of evaluating: (i) the time between the maintenance treatments; (ii) minimal/maximal thicknesses of overlays calculated in the optimal maintenance plan; and (iii) parameters defining pavement condition before and after the maintenance treatment. The comparison between the two methodologies allowed analyzing limitations in each one of them and led to improvements in the “optimal” solution.
Volume 1 of HDM-4 documents giving model overview.
An oveview of the HDM-4 model. Updated for Version 2.
A guide on how to apply HDM-4 for different types of analyses.
Presentations from the World Bank's HDM-4 training course.
Case studies used for World Bank HDM-4 training.
HDM-4 Volume 1 - An overview of the model
Report describing the testing of HDM-4 Beta for Australia and issues that were encountered
This report describes reasonableness testing of PDWE Models (Pavement Deterioration and Works Effects) for Australia.
Inception report from the HDM-4 Technical Relationships Study in Malaysia.
Report on workshop held in UK in 1993 to lay the foundations for the ISOHDM Project which developed HDM-4
Road Research Unit Bulletin 82. This is the first NZVOC Model which was used to generate the vehicle operating costs for the Project Evaluation Manual.
Conference paper showing how traffic flow data over a year has a bi-modal distribution and how this can be modelled. Provided key foundational work applied later in HDM-4.
